Leprosy : Causes, symptoms, types, diagnosis, management, prevention and control

• Written : RABIU RABIU ( Dr. Cracker )
• Medical Reviewed : Abdussalam salisu danbatta Ph.d
• Editor : Victoria solomon (B.A English language) 

What is leprosy?

Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. This bacterium primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves, leading to various symptoms and complications.

What are the signs and symptoms of leprosy? 

Leprosy presents a range of symptoms, including:

1. Skin lesions or patches with decreased sensation.
2. Numbness or weakness in the hands or feet.
3. Thickened, discolored skin.
4. Loss of eyebrows or eyelashes.
5. Muscle weakness.
6. Nerve damage.
7. Eye problems.
8. Clawed fingers or toes.
9. Enlarged nerves.
10. Respiratory issues.

• Does leprosy still exist?

Yes! Leprosy still exists even in 2023. Although the number of cases has significantly decreased due to global efforts, it remains a concern in some regions, particularly in low-income countries.

• What are the types of leprosy? 

There are three primary types of leprosy:

1. Tuberculoid Leprosy: This form is milder and presents with few skin lesions and a strong immune response against the bacterium.
2. Lepromatous Leprosy: This is a severe form, characterized by widespread skin lesions and a weakened immune response.
3. Borderline Leprosy: This type falls between the tuberculoid and lepromatous forms, presenting with moderate symptoms.

• What is the main cause of leprosy?

The main cause of leprosy is Mycobacterium leprae. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets from an infected person. Prolonged close contact is usually necessary for transmission, and not everyone exposed to the bacteria develops the disease, indicating a complex interplay of factors.

• Who does leprosy affect?

Leprosy can affect anyone, but it is more common in regions with poor living conditions, limited access to healthcare, and inadequate hygiene practices. Individuals with a weakened immune system are also more susceptible.

• Is leprosy contagious?

While leprosy is contagious, it is relatively difficult to transmit. It requires prolonged, close contact with an untreated individual with active leprosy. Effective treatment reduces its contagiousness.

• Do armadillos carry leprosy?

Yes, armadillos can carry the leprosy bacterium, and cases of transmission from armadillos to humans have been documented. However, this transmission is relatively rare.

• How is leprosy diagnosed?

Leprosy is diagnosed through clinical examination and laboratory tests, including skin biopsies. Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent complications.

• Is there a cure for leprosy today?

Yes, there is a cure for leprosy. Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT) is the standard treatment, involving a combination of antibiotics. Early treatment can prevent disability and further transmission.

• How is leprosy treated?

Treatment for leprosy involves a combination of antibiotics, usually administered over several months to years, depending on the type and severity of the disease. Supportive care and rehabilitation may also be needed.

• How can I prevent leprosy (Hansen's disease)?

Ways of preventing leprosy involves:

• Health Education: Promote awareness and hygiene practices.
• Early Diagnosis: Seek medical help if you notice symptoms.
• Effective Treatment: Ensure prompt treatment for those diagnosed.
• Contact Avoidance: Limit close and prolonged contact with untreated individuals.
• Vaccination: Research into leprosy vaccines is ongoing.

Conclusion

While leprosy still exists, medical advances have made it a treatable and manageable disease. Global efforts to raise awareness, provide early diagnosis, and deliver effective treatment have significantly reduced its impact. In 2023, it's essential to continue these efforts to eradicate leprosy once and for all.

References 

1. World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Leprosy.
2. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). (2023). Leprosy (Hansen's Disease). 
3. American Leprosy Missions. (2023). Understanding Leprosy. 
4. Global Health Observatory (GHO) Data. (2023). Leprosy. World Health Organization. 
5. Ridley, D. S., & Jopling, W. H. (1966). Classification of leprosy according to immunity: a five-group system. International Journal of Leprosy, 34(3), 255-273.
6. Lockwood, D. N. (2004). Leprosy: too complex a disease for a simple elimination paradigm. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82(3), 198-203.
7. Truman, R. W., & Krahenbuhl, J. L. (2001). Viable M. leprae as a research reagent. International Journal of Leprosy, 69(1), 1-12.
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9. Sermrittirong, S., & Van Brakel, W. H. (2014). Stigma in leprosy: concepts, causes and determinants. Leprosy Review, 85(1), 36-47.
10. Smith, C. S., Noordeen, S. K., Richardus, J. H., & Sansarricq, H. (2009). A strategy to halt leprosy transmission. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 9(5), 327-334.