Hepatitis B : causes, sign and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, Prevention and complications

• Written : Rchp. Rabiu Rabiu (Dr. Cracker)
• Medically Reviewed : Dr. Aminu salisu Damaturu
• Editor : Victoria Solomon ( B. A English language )

• What is Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B is a contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It can range from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a severe, long-term condition. The virus primarily attacks the liver and can lead to chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and liver cancer.

• Why is it called "hepatitis B"?

The term "hepatitis" refers to inflammation of the liver, and the "B" in hepatitis B denotes the specific virus responsible for this type of hepatitis.

• What Distinguishes Hepatitis B from Other Hepatitis Viruses?

Hepatitis B is distinct from other hepatitis viruses (A, C, D, and E) due to its mode of transmission, ability to cause chronic infection, and potential for severe liver damage.

• How Common is Hepatitis B Infection?

Hepatitis B remains a global health issue, with millions of people infected worldwide. Its prevalence varies by region, but it continues to be a significant concern, particularly in areas with limited access to healthcare and vaccination programs.

• Symptoms of Hepatitis B Infection

Symptoms of acute hepatitis B infection can include:

1. Fatigue
2. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
3. Dark urine
4. Abdominal pain
5. Loss of appetite
6. Nausea and vomiting

Some individuals may remain asymptomatic, especially during the initial stages of infection.

• How Do You Get Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, or other bodily fluids. Common transmission routes include:

1. Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person
2. Sharing needles or syringes for drug use
3. Mother-to-child transmission during childbirth
4. Contact with contaminated blood or medical equipment
5. Sharing personal items like razors or toothbrushes with an infected person

• Who Is More Likely to Get Hepatitis B?

Individuals at a higher risk of hepatitis B infection include:

1. People with multiple sexual partners
2. Injection drug users
3. Healthcare workers exposed to blood
4. Infants born to infected mothers
5. Close contacts of infected individuals
6. Travelers to regions with high hepatitis B prevalence

• How Do You Get Chronic Hepatitis B?

Chronic hepatitis B can develop when the virus persists in the body for more than six months.

 Those at risk of chronic infection include:

1. Infants and young children infected at birth
2. Individuals with compromised immune systems
3. Those exposed to a high viral load

• What Is Reactivated Hepatitis B?

Reactivated hepatitis B occurs when a person with a previous infection experiences a resurgence of the virus, often due to a weakened immune system. It can lead to severe liver problems and requires medical attention.

• Possible Complications of Hepatitis B Infection

Hepatitis B can lead to various complications, including:

1. Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver)
2. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma)
3. Liver failure
4. Kidney problems
5. Blood vessel inflammation
6. Increased risk of other infections

• How Long Are You Contagious with Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B can be contagious for an extended period, even in individuals without symptoms. The risk of transmission is highest during the acute phase, but it can persist in chronic carriers.

• How Is Hepatitis B Diagnosed?

Diagnosis of hepatitis B involves:

1. Blood tests to detect hepatitis B antigens and antibodies
2. Liver function tests
3. Liver biopsy or imaging to assess liver damage
4. Monitoring viral load and liver enzymes

• What Treatment Is Available for Hepatitis B?

Treatment options for hepatitis B include:

1. Prophylactic treatment for newborns of infected mothers
2. Antiviral medications for chronic infection
3. Lifestyle changes (avoiding alcohol and maintaining a healthy diet)
4. Regular monitoring of liver function
5. Liver transplant for severe cases

• How Can You Reduce the Risk of Hepatitis B Infection?

To reduce the risk of hepatitis B infection, consider:

1. Hepatitis B vaccination
2. Safe sex practices
3. Avoiding sharing needles or personal items
4. Using precautions when getting tattoos or piercings
5. Screening and testing for pregnant women
6. Practicing good hygiene

• How Can You Prevent Spreading Hepatitis B to Others?

To prevent transmission to others:

1. Inform sexual partners and close contacts
2. Use protection during sexual activity
3. Avoid sharing needles or personal items
4. Practice good hygiene
5. Ensure that household members are vaccinated

• Is Hepatitis B Curable?

While hepatitis B is not always curable, treatment can control the virus and prevent liver damage. Some individuals may clear the infection on their own, but chronic carriers will require ongoing medical management.

• How Often Is Hepatitis B Fatal?

Hepatitis B can be fatal, particularly when it progresses to cirrhosis or liver cancer. Timely diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and preventive measures significantly reduce the risk of fatality.

• Conclusion

Hepatitis B remains a global health concern in 2023, but knowledge, vaccination, and proper precautions can help mitigate its impact. It is essential to stay informed, get vaccinated, practice safe behaviors, and seek medical care when necessary. By working together, we can reduce the burden of hepatitis B on individuals and communities.

• References 

1. World Health Organization. (2023). Hepatitis B. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Hepatitis B Questions and Answers for the Public. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/index.htm
3. Mayo Clinic. (2023). Hepatitis B. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/symptoms-causes/syc-20366802
4. American Liver Foundation. (2023). Hepatitis B. https://liverfoundation.org/for-patients/about-the-liver/diseases-of-the-liver/hepatitis-b/
5. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2023). Hepatitis B. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/viral-hepatitis/hepatitis-b
6. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2023). Hepatitis B Information for Healthcare Professionals. https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/biologics-guidances/hepatitis-b-information-healthcare-professionals
7. European Association for the Study of the Liver. (2023). EASL 2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Hepatitis B Virus Infection. https://easl.eu/publications/easl-2023-clinical-practice-guidelines-on-the-management-of-hepatitis-b-virus-infection/
8. World Gastroenterology Organisation. (2023). Global Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of HBV Infection. https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/global-guidelines/hepatitis-b/hepatitis-b-english
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Hepatitis B Vaccination. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hepb/index.html
10. Hepatitis B Foundation. (2023). Living with Hepatitis B. https://www.hepb.org/what-is-hepatitis-b/living-with-hepatitis-b/