Autism : causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and complications - Naija health media

• Research : Rchp. Khalipha Justice
• Medically reviewed : Murtala Umar Ph.D
• Editor : Victoria solomon ( B.A English language )

Definition:

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that affects how a person interacts, communicates, and behaves. It is called a "spectrum" disorder because the symptoms can range from mild to severe. Autism affects the way the brain processes information and can cause difficulties with social interaction, communication, and behavior.

Signs and symptoms of ASD:

The signs and symptoms of ASD can vary from person to person, but they usually start to appear in early childhood. Some of the common signs and symptoms of ASD include:

Abnormality in social communication/interaction behaviors which include:

• Difficulty with social interactions and communication
• Delayed or absent language development
• Difficulty with eye contact or facial expressions
• Lack of interest in playing with others
• Difficulty understanding social cues and nonverbal communication
• Difficulty in making and maintaining friendships

Restrictive/repetitive behaviors may include:

• Repetitive movements, such as rocking or hand flapping
• Insistence on sameness and routines
• Difficulty adapting to changes in routine or surroundings
• Fixation on specific topics or objects
• Unusual interests or behaviors

Causes and related factors:

The exact causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder are unknown, but researchers believe that a combination of genetic and environmental factors may contribute to the development of ASD. Studies have identified several genetic and environmental factors that may increase the risk of developing ASD, including:

• Genetic mutations and inherited genetic factors
• Prenatal exposure to toxins and certain medications
• Maternal infections during pregnancy
• Premature birth or low birth weight

Diagnosing ASD:

Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder involves a comprehensive evaluation of a person's developmental history, behavior, and communication skills. The diagnosis process may vary depending on the age of the person being evaluated.

Diagnosis in adults:

Diagnosis of ASD in adults may be more challenging because symptoms may be less obvious than in children. Diagnosis may involve a thorough evaluation of the person's medical history, behavioral observations, and cognitive assessments.

Diagnosis in young children:

Diagnosis of ASD in young children may involve the following stages:

• Stage 1: General developmental screening during well-child checkups. All children should receive developmental screening during well-child checkups, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). This screening can help identify any developmental delays or concerns.
• Stage 2: Additional diagnostic evaluation If concerns are identified during the developmental screening, additional diagnostic evaluations may be recommended. This may involve a comprehensive evaluation of the child's communication, behavior, and development.

Diagnosis in older children and adolescents:

Diagnosis of ASD in older children and adolescents may involve a comprehensive evaluation of the child's developmental history, behavioral observations, and cognitive assessments.

Treatments and therapies:

There is no cure for Autism Spectrum Disorder, but treatments and therapies can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life for people with ASD. Treatment options may include:

Medication:

Medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder, such as anxiety, depression, and hyperactivity. However, there is no medication that can cure ASD.

Behavioral, psychological, and educational interventions:

Behavioral, psychological, and educational interventions are often used to help people with ASD learn new skills and improve their communication and social interaction abilities. Some of the commonly used interventions include:

• Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): ABA is a therapy that focuses on teaching specific behaviors using positive reinforcement. It is often used to help children with ASD learn new skills and reduce problem behaviors.
• Speech and Language Therapy: Speech and language therapy can help children with ASD improve their communication skills, such as language development, social communication, and nonverbal communication.
• Occupational Therapy: Occupational therapy can help children with ASD improve their motor skills, coordination, and sensory processing abilities.
• Social Skills Training: Social skills training can help children with ASD learn how to interact with others, make friends, and improve their social communication skills.

Complications:

Autism Spectrum Disorder can lead to several complications, some of which are:

• Academic difficulties
• Social isolation and difficulty making friends
• Mental health problems, such as anxiety and depression
• Challenging behaviors, such as aggression and self-injury
• Sensory processing difficulties
• Increased risk of other medical conditions, such as seizures and gastrointestinal problems

Prevention:

There is no known way to prevent Autism Spectrum Disorder, but researchers continue to study the genetic and environmental factors that may contribute to the development of ASD. Early intervention and treatment can help improve outcomes for children with ASD.

Conclusion

In sum up, Autism Spectrum Disorder is a complex developmental disorder that affects communication, behavior, and social interaction. Early identification and intervention can help improve outcomes for children with ASD. While there is no cure for ASD, with proper treatment and support, people with ASD can lead fulfilling and meaningful lives.

Reference

• National Institute of Mental Health. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Definition, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Updated August 2019. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml
• Mayo Clinic. Autism spectrum disorder. Updated February 2022. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Autism Spectrum Disorder Fact Sheet. Updated January 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/facts.html
• World Health Organization. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Updated December 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/autism-spectrum-disorders-(asd)
• American Psychiatric Association. Autism Spectrum Disorder. Updated 2021. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/autism/what-is-autism-spectrum-disorder
• Autism Science Foundation. What Causes Autism? Updated February 2022. https://autismsciencefoundation.org/what-is-autism/causes/
• Autism Speaks. Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Updated 2021. https://www.autismspeaks.org/diagnosis-autism-spectrum-disorder
• American Academy of Pediatrics. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Treatment. Updated 2021. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/Autism/Pages/Treatment-of-Autism-Spectrum-Disorder.aspx
• Autism Research Institute. Risk Factors for Autism. Updated 2021. https://www.autism.com/causes
• Cleveland Clinic. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Complications. Updated 2021. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14923-autism-spectrum-disorder/complications