Anxiety disorder : Symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment

• Write : Rchp khalipha Justice 
• Reviewed : Prof. Saminu Isa Dutse 
• Editor : Victoria solomon ( B.A English language )

What Are Anxiety Disorders?

Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health disorders characterized by excessive and persistent feelings of fear, worry or apprehension. These feelings can be overwhelming and interfere with daily activities, such as work, school, or socializing.

Types of Anxiety Disorders

There are several types of anxiety disorders, each with their own set of symptoms and causes. The most common types of anxiety disorders include:

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is a chronic anxiety disorder characterized by excessive and persistent worry about everyday events and activities, such as work, family, and health.
• Panic Disorder: This is an anxiety disorder characterized by sudden and recurrent panic attacks, which are characterized by intense periods of fear and physical symptoms such as chest pain, palpitations, and shortness of breath.
• Social Anxiety Disorder: This is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by excessive fear and avoidance of social situations, such as parties, public speaking, and meetings.
• Specific Phobias: These are anxiety disorders characterized by intense and irrational fears of specific things or situations such as heights, spiders, and flying.

Anxiety Disorder Symptoms

Anxiety disorder symptoms can vary depending on the type of anxiety disorder and the severity of the condition. However, common symptoms of anxiety disorders include:

• Excessive worry or fear.
• Restlessness or feeling on edge.
• Irritability.
• Difficulty concentrating.
• Muscle tension or headaches.
• Sleep disturbances.
• Panic attacks.
• Avoidance behaviors.
• Obsessive thoughts or behaviors.
• Social withdrawal.

Causes of Anxiety Disorder

The causes of anxiety disorders are complex and not fully understood, but they are thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental and psychological factors.

• Genetics: Studies have shown that anxiety disorders run in families, suggesting a genetic component to the condition.
• Brain Chemistry: Anxiety disorders may be caused by an imbalance of chemicals in the brain, such as serotonin and dopamine.
• Trauma or Stressful Life Events: Traumatic events or stressful life events such as abuse, neglect, or the death of a loved one can trigger anxiety disorders.
• Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as thyroid disorders or heart disease, can cause anxiety-like symptoms.

Risk Factors for Anxiety Disorder

• Gender: Women are more likely to develop anxiety disorders than men.
• Age: Anxiety disorders are more common in people under the age of 35.
• Personality: People with certain personality traits, such as being shy or perfectionist, may be more prone to anxiety disorders.
• Substance Abuse: Substance abuse, such as drugs or alcohol, can increase the risk of developing an anxiety disorder.

Anxiety Disorder Diagnosis

Diagnosing an anxiety disorder involves a thorough evaluation of a person's symptoms and medical history. A healthcare professional may also conduct physical and psychological exams to rule out other conditions that may be causing the symptoms.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is the standard diagnostic tool used by healthcare professionals to diagnose anxiety disorders. The DSM-5 outlines specific criteria for each type of anxiety disorder, such as the frequency and duration of symptoms.

Anxiety Disorder Treatments

Anxiety disorders can be treated with a variety of therapies, including medication, psychotherapy, and self-help techniques.

• Medication: Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications are commonly used to treat anxiety disorders. These medications can help reduce symptoms such as panic attacks, worry, and fear.
• Psychotherapy: Also known as talk therapy, this is a form of counseling that can help individuals learn how to manage their symptoms and develop coping strategies. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that is often used to treat anxiety disorders.
• Self-Help Techniques: There are several self-help techniques that can be used to manage anxiety symptoms, such as deep breathing, meditation, and exercise. These techniques can help individuals relax and reduce their anxiety levels.

Managing Anxiety Disorder Symptoms

Managing anxiety disorder symptoms can be challenging, but there are several strategies that can be used to help manage the symptoms and improve overall quality of life. Some are:

• Practice relaxation techniques: Deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and meditation are all relaxation techniques that can help reduce anxiety symptoms.
• Get regular exercise: Regular exercise can help reduce anxiety symptoms and improve overall health.
• Avoid triggers: Avoiding triggers, such as stressful situations or certain foods, can help reduce anxiety symptoms.
  
• Seek support: Seeking support from friends, family, or a support group can help individuals with anxiety disorders feel less alone and more supported.

Anxiety Disorder Outlook

The outlook for individuals with anxiety disorders can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. However, with appropriate treatment and management, most people with anxiety disorders can lead fulfilling and productive lives.

Conclusion

In conclusion, anxiety disorders are a common mental health condition that can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatments for anxiety disorders is essential for anyone who may be affected by this condition. With appropriate treatment and support, individuals with anxiety disorders can manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of an anxiety disorder, it is important to seek professional help from a healthcare provider.

References:

• National Institute of Mental Health. Anxiety Disorders. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml
• Mayo Clinic. Anxiety Disorders. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anxiety/symptoms-causes/syc-20350961
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm
• World Health Organization. Mental Health: Anxiety Disorders. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders
• Bandelow, B., & Michaelis, S. (2015). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17(3), 327–335.
• Hofmann, S. G., & Asnaani, A. (2010). Cultural aspects in the assessment and treatment of anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 27(2), 166–173.
• National Alliance on Mental Illness. Anxiety Disorders. Retrieved from https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Anxiety-Disorders
• Harvard Health Publishing. Anxiety and Stress. Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/topics/anxiety-and-stress
• American Psychological Association. Understanding Anxiety Disorders. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/topics/anxiety
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Treatment of Anxiety Disorders. Retrieved from https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/pep18-anxietydisorders.pdf